{"id":530104,"date":"2023-06-25T15:01:24","date_gmt":"2023-06-25T22:01:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.swimmingworldmagazine.com\/news\/?p=530104"},"modified":"2023-06-26T06:53:36","modified_gmt":"2023-06-26T13:53:36","slug":"a-discussion-on-swim-training-is-it-an-art-or-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.swimmingworldmagazine.com\/news\/a-discussion-on-swim-training-is-it-an-art-or-science\/","title":{"rendered":"A Discussion On Swim Training: Is It An Art or Science?"},"content":{"rendered":"

A Discussion On Swim Training: Is It An Art or Science?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Like the rest of life, the answer to the above question is complicated. Dudley Duncan\u2019s<\/strong> recent The Art of Swimming <\/em>is just the latest piece of aquatic literature to label swim coaching as \u201cart.\u201d \u201cAfter how many years, it\u2019s still art in people\u2019s minds,\u201d says Rod Havriluk<\/strong>, president of Swimming Technology Research and a lifelong swimming sport scientist and former coach.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo mention of science whatsoever. It\u2019s very disappointing. We haven\u2019t gotten any further than that. I am hard pressed to name many coaches who would speak to science. The people I know who are promoting science in swimming are scientists,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

The 1960s produced two hall of fame coaches who linked swimming technique elements to \u00a0scientific principles. In his 1963 book Forbes Carlile<\/strong> on Swimming <\/em>the Australian coach discussed the four competitive strokes in depth. He ultimately concluded that coaching technique is \u201cmore art than science\u201d citing the lack of hard and fast scientific principles to guide us.\u201d<\/p>\n

James E. (Doc) Counsilman<\/strong>\u2019s The Science of Swimming<\/em> took a different approach. When published in 1968, his 450+ page tome was, and is still recognized, as a seminal document devoted to the principles of exercise science and biomechanics as applied to swimming.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn contrast to Carlile, Counsilman applied many \u2018hard and fast scientific principles\u2019 to improve technique,\u201d says Havriluk. The book\u2019s first chapter on \u201cmechanical principles\u201d addresses buoyancy, Newton\u2019s Law of Action-Reaction, the relationship of resistance and velocity, conservation of angular momentum and the transfer of momentum. \u201cEach of these principles can be used to determine the most effective elements of swimming technique,\u201d notes Havriluk.<\/p>\n

From Counsilman\u2019s coaching success and enduring interest in swimming and science came the creation of the Counsilman Center for the Science of Swimming, a research institute within Indiana University\u2019s School of Public Health. There, researchers like Joel Stager<\/strong>, the late Dave Tanner<\/strong> and Jan Prins<\/strong> continued to advance the understanding of aquatic development much of which was funneled into the Journal of Swimming Research <\/em>which has now evolved into American Swimming <\/em>which is published by the American Swimming Coaches Association.<\/p>\n

\"SwimmingFrom 1974 -1978, Prins was Counsilman\u2019s head assistant coach. These days he is an associate professor with the Department of Kinesiology and director of the Aquatic Research Laboratory at the University of Hawaii-Manoa (where he was also head coach for 10 years). He is also founder and director of Swimming Biomechanics Inc. For the past 18 years he has been involved with unique swimming research, using multiple high-speed video cameras and motion-capture software to analyze the stroke mechanics of elite swimmers.<\/p>\n

One Scientist\u2019s View<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cI would categorize coaches as \u2018applied scientists,\u2019 says Prins, \u201c\u2026 applying the principles of the exercise sciences \u2026 physiology in designing workouts based on metabolic responses (lactate profiles, etc.) and \u2026 biomechanics, finding the resources to film and analyzing underwater stroke mechanics.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe should not forget the sport psychologists, but in all honesty, my take is that to be a successful coach you need to have an innate feel for this part of the equation. \u00a0We know great coaches who can be seen as world-class psychologists but ran for cover the moment anything remotely connected to science was brought up!!\u201d<\/p>\n

Artists or scientists? \u201cIt would be hard to make any separation,\u201d Prins says. \u201cLimiting the question to successful coaches at all levels, let\u2019s put them into two groups. The first are those who actively involve themselves with the sciences. They read, consult and above all are not reluctant to try new ideas based on sound scientific evidence. Just as importantly, they are astute enough to know when something isn\u2019t working and are not embarrassed or reluctant to change. Doc certainly combined all these disciplines, but I can tell you first hand, he was the first to dump anything that did not work after trying it for a reasonable time!<\/p>\n

\u201cThe second group are the shrewd followers. They are less apt to spend too much time studying the sciences, but more than able to successfully take the first group\u2019s ideas and apply them seamlessly to their teams. This group, however, runs the risk of perhaps being too quick to follow any and all ideas.<\/p>\n

Progress<\/strong><\/p>\n

The good news is that Prins believes science has changed the way coaches approach swim training today. \u201cWhen I see the way current workouts are tailored, paying attention to aerobic and anaerobic responses, short- and long-term, there\u2019s no question that advances in exercise physiology have made a major impact on the effective training.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe same can be said regarding swimming biomechanics. An important example is the current emphasis on propulsive drag forces \u2026 directing the hands earlier towards the feet in the Freestyle, Backstroke and Butterfly. \u00a0Although this trend has taken time to evolve and stems more by observing what the talented swimmers are doing underwater, this shows very real progress,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

So, are coaches more open to what science tells us? \u201cI believe most are \u2026 however, and I don\u2019t fault most coaches, but there is an unfortunate tendency to mistake pronouncements made by some parts of the coaching profession as always scientifically sound. \u00a0While it may be easy to follow these suggestions, especially if the source is a successful active or former coach, these recommendations need to stand up to sound analyses. That is one reason we started the Journal of Swimming Research<\/em> in the early 80\u2019s,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

Another Voice<\/strong><\/p>\n

Genadijus Sokolovas<\/strong> is a senior physiologist for Global Sport Technology. For eight years he worked with USA Swimming (think Michael Phelps, Dara Torres, et. al) and for decades toured the world as a sport scientist and expert on how biomechanics improve human performance in the water.<\/p>\n

He, too, believes that \u201csport science and art in swimming has changed in the last decades. Fifty years ago, there was very little science in swimming,\u201d he says. \u201cCoaches taught kids swimming technique\u00a0using the same methods as they had been taught. High volume training was the main way to improve performances. This approach worked at that time; results continued to improve. However, studies showed us that there are more optimal ways to improve performances using new knowledge from biomechanics, training, recovery, nutrition, strength training, etc. Our studies helped us to understand that swimmers can swim much faster than current world records. That’s why swimming world records will continue to improve.<\/p>\n

\"mark-schubert\"

Photo Courtesy:<\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cFast swimmers are usually fast because they are really strong, really well conditioned and doing some things really well, but there are no fast swimmers doing everything really well,\u201d says Havriluk. Mark Schubert<\/strong> was the poster coach for mega-yardage. His teams at Mission (Viejo and Bay) won 44 national club titles, gobs of international medals and were nothing if not well conditioned.<\/p>\n

In addition to offering volume Schubert experimented with lactate testing, blood testing and even painful muscle biopsy procedures. \u201cWe did this to basically test stress, measure effort, identify medical issues, pinpoint event selection and develop athlete histories.\u201d he says. \u201cIn the 80\u2019s we worked with Michael Lohberg<\/strong>. A favorite test set was 5 x 200 with lactate testing done after each 200.\u201d<\/p>\n

When he was doing his testing at Mission Viejo, Schubert had access to expertise and resources that helped mitigate expense. Not every coach is so lucky. Lactate testing became passe because, says Havriluk, \u201cI don\u2019t think the payoff was great enough. Most coaches aren\u2019t going to spend the time doing that. The benefit is that they would see the status of their swimmers at the time. Now, how helpful that is questionable. Other options are to check time or heart rate. It\u2019s nice to have that information, but I don\u2019t think many coaches will take the time or the expense. And that\u2019s the problem with so many scientific concepts. They take time and money.\u201d<\/p>\n

Last year Schubert spent six months in China working with 2x Olympic gold medalist Ye Shiwen<\/strong>. \u201cWe did a lot of lactate testing, especially at the end of sets so she could see where she was and how she compared with previous efforts. Going forward to Paris I will have a pro and college group where we will do a lot of lactate testing. Even more we will be working with nutritionists — which I consider dealing with science. That\u2019s probably an area into which coaches don\u2019t delve much and most athletes ignore. These days there are a lot more pros dealing with nutritionists because it\u2019s their livelihood,\u201d Schubert says.<\/p>\n

Art or science? \u201cA very good question says Schubert. \u201cIf I had the means I\u2019d say 50-50. I don\u2019t always have the means, but the other 50 percent is basically experience, writing practices, knowing your athletes, their motivation, how to push their buttons in practice and competition. I am not discounting the scientific aspect, obviously a coach has to have a pretty good knowledge of science.<\/p>\n

Wah Hoo Wah<\/strong><\/p>\n

One team utilizing science and art\/coaching expertise in equal measure is the NCAA\u2019s 3x national champion University of Virginia women\u2019s team. \u201cFirst, swimming is not one size fits all,\u201d says associate head coach Tyler Fenwick<\/strong>. \u201cLast season we had NCAA scorers in the 200 backstroke from three different training groups. When UVA swimmers arrive as freshmen, we assess their training background, previous volumes and training styles to identify training plans that will work best for them.<\/p>\n

\u201cAthletes do not go strictly with the same coach or training group daily,\u201d says Fenwick. \u201cWe have 55 swimmers and close to 45 different training plans. We consider physiology, psychology, specific needs and then move athletes from coach to coach and group to group daily based on their unique plans. This allows them to get exactly what they need when they need it.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnalytics is another use of sports science in our program. We utilize Tritonwear to measure distance per stroke, stroke rate, record splits, etc. This data allows coaches and athletes to compare, contrast and analyze performance in real time. \u00a0Efficiency (i.e. Kate Douglass\u2019 stroke count in her 200 breaststroke) is one of our cornerstones. Tritonwear provides a consistent reference point and feedback that allows our coaches and swimmers to help improve efficiency in the way we attack a race.<\/p>\n

\"MKR_0505\"

Dr. Ken Ono with Paige Madden; Photo Courtesy: Matthew Kent Riley\/University of Virginia<\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cDr. Ken Ono<\/strong><\/a> is a world-renowned mathematician who developed a system that integrates the use of body sensors, underwater video, special algorithms and analytics to help our team find areas of opportunity in races. During testing, Dr. Ono and his assistants hook sensors up to our swimmers. These are linked to iPads and capture propulsion metrics once the subject begins to swim. Tests are typically run at a race pace, allowing Dr. Ono to analyze speed within strokes, turns and off the walls. He then compares race data to identify where swimmers are losing ground to competitors. The resulting charts, graphs and photos illustrate opportunities for improvement. We do race analysis at major selection meets, particularly between prelims, semi-finals and finals looking to maximize performance,\u201d says Fenwick.<\/p>\n

The Greening of Megan Oesting<\/strong><\/p>\n

Head coach of Bend Swim Club, member ASCA board of directors, former national team member, CSCAA All-American, national age group coach of the year Megan Oesting<\/strong> has observed a shift in training tools available for developing athletes. \u201cThe change is that we now have two ways, quantitative and qualitative, to observe our athletes. Time was we only had qualitative data to rely on from a process standpoint.\u00a0 The clock would give us quantitative\u00a0feedback at the very end of the process,\u00a0but now we can check for quantified progress throughout the process,\u00a0which is quite powerful,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

\u201cHaving access to quantitative\u00a0data every day has allowed me to be a better observer of my athletes and of my own program; it’s allowed me to learn more about my own system of coaching in a faster and deeper way.\u00a0 I’ve improved more as a coach since I started using\u00a0Tritonwear than I have in the 25 years before that combined.\u201d<\/p>\n

As for others, Oesting opines\u00a0\u201cI’m not sure coaches are as open to seeing quantitative data as they should be.\u00a0 Sometimes I feel like coaches are threatened by data driven feedback because it\u00a0shows us where we could be better. Accountability is hard to swallow sometimes.\u00a0But as we tell our athletes, we’ve got to be open to feedback and take a hard look at what we’re doing in order make the changes that will make us actually better.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe reality is that coaches are often overworked and pulled in so many directions that taking on the project of expansion to learn how to include data in your program can be a tall order.\u00a0 Coaches with curiosity and capacity will move into it and be deeply rewarded for their efforts,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

Wearables<\/strong><\/p>\n

Matt Barany<\/strong> is in his 18th<\/sup> year as women\u2019s coach at The University of Richmond. Seven years ago he was introduced to the wearable technology and interested in seeing what it told him about heart rate variability (HRV). What he found was way more than he bargained for. For one, it provided a whole new perspective on strain, how to alter lifestyle behaviors, improve sleep and general athlete physical and mental well-being. \u201cWe root many team decisions now in the info we\u2019ve gleaned,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

\"SwimmingBarany\u2019s Spiders have continued to perform well at the Atlantic 10 championships and he credits much of the success to the program\u2019s focus on optimal health and recovery. Team sleep duration has increased by 85 minutes per person per night since 2016 and team GPA is up (.84) during same period.<\/p>\n

A member of the NCAA\u2019s Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects and the Division I Men’s and Women’s Swimming and Diving Committee, Barany has become a big proponent of what science can reveal about athlete behavior. \u201cUltimately as we get embedded with more science the art comes with the relationships and with a heavy lean on mental health because there is neuroscience for mental health. As we turn more to technology and computers I think the actual art of coaching is more in the soft skills. The true art of coaching right now is the soft skills around mental health, care and kindness. No wearable does that.<\/p>\n

\u201cSome of the coaches leaving the sport right now aren\u2019t prioritizing mental health. As a young coach you can engage in all the most progressive technology, but if you aren\u2019t looking out for the mental health of your student-athletes your career is going to be very short,\u201d he says. \u201cI can make an argument that there is technology out there for mental health because a decline in HRV can be reflective of some mental health crises, especially depression and anxiety but nobody\u2019s using that to diagnose.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt goes back to having relationships. We can have all the gadgetry we want, but if you don\u2019t have healthy relationships you aren\u2019t going to get the result you want. As coaches leave the sport it is going to be interesting to see what careers are going to look like and how much data and technology are integrated into a program. The biggest trigger for mental health problems is cell phones and media. There is not a report you can find that says social media is good for you. That\u2019s the battle coaches face these days,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

Back to the Future<\/strong><\/p>\n

In 1968, Counsilman predicted someone would swim a 100 meter free in 40 seconds. So far, not yet. The consensus is that times will keep getting faster and conventional training methods will lead to improvement, but not to the 40 second threshold. \u201cScience is not necessary to break 46 seconds,\u201d says Havriluk. \u201cExperience is sufficient. Applying science, however, is likely the only way to break 40 seconds.\u201d<\/p>\n

**************************<\/p>\n

Some Swimming Science Resources<\/strong><\/p>\n

Many coaches use technologies to improve swimming performances: underwater video, wearable devices, software for training design, tests using scientific equipment (Swim Power, accelerometers, tensiometers, lactate meters, smart goggles, etc.).<\/p>\n

Global Sport Technology<\/strong> identifies strengths and weaknesses in swimming technique using Swim Power technology. Once identified coaches can modify individual swim training, implement a scientifically based Learn-To-Swim programs, select optimal training volumes using E-Coach, Talent ID and Development programs to predict swimmer performance in long-term and short-term training.\u00a0www.globsport.com<\/a><\/p>\n

Freestyle Biomechanics.<\/strong> Terrific, series of state of the art, video-on-demand programing illustrating proper stroke mechanics. Each section includes common mistakes taken from actual swimmers. Incorporates the use of high-speed videography and motion analysis software to generate reports which display a detailed analysis of key portions of stroke mechanics. www.freestylebiomechanics.com<\/a><\/p>\n

Tritonwear.<\/strong> An artificial intelligence-based comprehensive swim analytics platform that tracks 13 different metrics based on swimmer motion. The metrics include splits, stroke rates, index and speed, DPS, time in breakouts, turns and underwater. Tritonwear.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A Discussion On Swim Training: Is It An Art or Science? Like the rest of life, the answer to the above question is complicated. Dudley Duncan\u2019s recent The Art 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