{"id":517216,"date":"2022-12-05T09:38:52","date_gmt":"2022-12-05T16:38:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.swimmingworldmagazine.com\/news\/?p=517216"},"modified":"2022-12-06T05:37:40","modified_gmt":"2022-12-06T12:37:40","slug":"5-standard-cues-to-promote-effective-coaching-at-multiple-levels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.swimmingworldmagazine.com\/news\/5-standard-cues-to-promote-effective-coaching-at-multiple-levels\/","title":{"rendered":"5 Standard Cues To Promote Effective Coaching At Multiple Levels"},"content":{"rendered":"

5 Standard Cues To Promote Effective Coaching At Multiple Levels<\/strong><\/p>\n

In aquatics, whether it is teaching Learn to Swim or counseling higher-level athletes, there are many ways to teach technique. The use of five standard cues\u2014visual, auditory, logical, verbal or kinesthetic\u2014is a start.<\/em><\/p>\n

Over the last 45 years, Coach Steve Haufler<\/strong> of the Orinda Country Club in Northern California<\/a> has developed an instructional system dependent upon swimmer skill.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhen working with a beginning adult, I use pretty much the same progressions as I would for an 8-and-under. The vocabulary is different, but the approach in teaching strokes follows the same priorities: 1) air exchange, 2) body position and balance, 3) kicking, 4) pulling, 5) timing of kick and pull and 6) timing of the breath,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

Essential to his approach is the use of simple cues\u2014specific key words and phrases\u2014by which he hopes the swimmer will sense what to feel, see or imagine. He utilizes a one-at-a-time progression for each stroke that has taught tens of thousands to swim. He tries to start instructions with a verb\u2014i.e., using words and phrases such as see, feel and imagine, keep, stay, then, at the same time (to convey sequence), as soon as, before, after and instead of.<\/p>\n

\u201cInstructions don\u2019t have to be precise\u2014often, simpler is better. Stroke problems are frequently the effect of something that came before,\u201d he says, \u201cso go backward in time to see what is causing the problem. Teaching pressure, especially uninterrupted pressure (on the hands for instance), is crucial since that is how one achieves a feel for the water.<\/p>\n

FREESTYLE BASICS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Virtually every coach\u2014from Richard Quick<\/strong> with his \u201cposture, line and balance\u201d mantra to the present-day instructor\u2014begins swim coaching by stressing body position. Haufler asks his beginners to lean their (air) lungs into the water, feel the legs float and imagine or feel their feet higher than their head. He encourages a neutral head position with a long neck (no wrinkles) and eyes looking down.<\/p>\n

\"LEDECKY

Photo Courtesy: Andrea Staccioli \/ Deepbluemedia \/ Insidefoto<\/p><\/div>\n

Arms constitute about 85 percent of most freestyle propulsion. For entry, Haufler prefers it to be at shoulder-width, longest finger first with a high elbow. \u201cNothing behind the fingers goes in before them,\u201d he says. When teaching a long and extended freestyle, he wants the swimmer\u2019s palms facing the pool bottom on the extension of the arm. Then, try to imagine sliding \u201cunder the carpet\u201d in a stretching, gliding and pausing motion. This lead hand will also remain in place while the other arm recovers and passes the head.<\/p>\n

With the hand in the water, he looks for an easy press, fingertips down, palms facing back and an early vertical forearm. \u201cImagine wrapping your arm over a barrel before pulling. Begin the pull while keeping the elbow high. Complete the pull with a push back and letting the hand finish toward the outer edge of the thigh,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

With the predominant bent-arm style, recovery requirements are a loose wrist, forward leading elbow and a relaxed palm that faces the body. A straight-arm recovery is shoulder-driven with an almost locked elbow that attacks the water from the top, while a hybrid recovery performs a rainbow arc, also swung from the shoulder. As for the kick, Haufler counsels constantly moving, loose legs that are kept in a \u201cnarrow, elongated box.\u201d The energy should be generated from the top of the leg (not knees).<\/p>\n

While coaches often first stress body position and pulling and kicking technique, most first-time swimmers are concerned with breathing. When teaching side breathing, Haufler uses a foam mannequin head to demonstrate a one-eye breathing technique. Once the swimmers are prone in the water, he asks them to imagine a pencil stuck in the top of their heads. He says, \u201cKeep the pencil in the water when you turn your head to breathe.\u201d This prevents the swimmer from lifting the top of the head when going to air.<\/p>\n

He asks the swimmers to start the turn of the head as the lead arm enters the water. \u201cWith a gentle turn, keep one goggle in the water (\u2018one-eyed breathing\u2019) and see the lane line next to you and inhale with the mouth close to the water. Then, return your face straight down and blow air out your nose gradually. The lead arm always remains forward of the head and keeps gliding forward while taking a breath.\u201d<\/p>\n

THE DORSAL STROKE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Some coaches start beginners with backstroke because it eliminates breathing problems. When kicking, the coach asks his swimmers to lean into the water with the upper back, pressing the ribs down and in (rather than up and out) and rolling the shoulders in. (Shaping like a canoe), keep the head still, ears in the water and imagine the head on a soft pillow with a cup of water on the forehead tipped slightly toward the chest\u2014or really put one there!<\/p>\n

\"claire-curzan-\"

Photo Courtesy: Peter H. Bick<\/p><\/div>\n

On the recovery, the arms will exit the water from the thumb side of the hand, locking the elbows and lifting from the shoulder. \u201cLet gravity shape your hand,\u201d he says. Have the arms brush the ears as the arms roll in. The arms will attack the water with the little finger edge of the hand. On the pull, have the arm staying in the water only if it is doing work. Once in the water, move the arms like a scoop, an arm wrestle and then a throwing motion toward the feet, keeping the palms facing back. Like the freestyle, eliminate body resistance by slicing through the water (no barging) and kicking through a narrow tunnel.<\/p>\n

Legs: Thanks to David Berkoff<\/strong> and others, the world\u2019s best backstrokers are now excellent kickers. Haufler\u2019s vocabulary with backstrokers is simple:<\/p>\n

\u2022 Keep the legs long, ankles long and loose
\n\u2022 Finish the kick under water, keeping the knees in the water
\n\u2022 Kick water back, instead of up
\n\u2022 Press the bottom of the legs and feet down
\n\u2022 Imagine kicking your shoes off your feet, keeping the legs in a narrow box
\n\u2022 Bend the fins* both ways instead of pedaling the bike
\n\u2022 Keep the fins moving
\n(* Use of fins can markedly advance the backstroke learning curve)<\/p>\n

BUTTERFLY<\/strong><\/p>\n

Preferred head position is neutral with eyes straight down. On the catch, let the hands press out very slightly before pressing palms back. Think vertical forearm while keeping elbows high. When breathing, vault forward over the hands with chin just skimming the water surface and imagine the head making a long skid mark on a very low ceiling. Pull with a slight light bulb motion and then flare out the arms away from the legs at exit. Recover with a flat low swing. Arms emerge out of the water away from the thighs with fingers pointed backward and little finger side up.<\/p>\n

Keep the legs long without hammering the lower leg. Press toenails down, leaving them in the water while feeling both sides of the feet.<\/p>\n

BREASTSTROKE<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Marco

Photo Courtesy: Mike Lewis\/ISL<\/p><\/div>\n

Perhaps the toughest stroke to teach and toughest to master, swim instructors have a lot of moving parts to convey before they get a smooth performing breaststroker. Haufler starts with the kick, telling his swimmers to:<\/p>\n

\u2022 Recover the lower leg behind the thighs while bringing the heels toward your bottom
\n\u2022 Keep the knees facing the bottom of the pool
\n\u2022 Flex the feet and turn them out
\n\u2022 Feel the toes spread apart as they curl back and separate
\n\u2022 Concentrate on moving the feet rather than the legs
\n\u2022 When kick fires, knees will be apart
\n\u2022 Kick back and together at the same time for a narrow kick that closes quickly
\n\u2022 Circle the lower leg back and around to full extension and squeeze
\n\u2022 Keep legs together when gliding
\n\u2022 Keep knees in the same place since the action takes place over the back of the legs\u2014not under the stomach
\nWhen it comes to the arms, he asks that the swimmer:
\n\u2022 Imagine opening elevator doors
\n\u2022 Feel the shoulders come out of the ears
\n\u2022 Press to the tallest \u201cY\u201d (the most forward \u201cY\u201d)
\n\u2022 Imagine stretching a rubber band straight (thumb to thumb)
\n\u2022 Press out and maintain pressure on the water as hips move toward hands on the scoop<\/p>\n

Regarding the catch, Haufler urges flexing the elbows (keeping them up) and position palms back and move to a vertical forearm. Then scoop the water \u201caround the bowl\u201d and \u201cup the wall\u201d as the thumb leads an upward scull toward the surface of the water. Shoot arms fast, straight, shallow and forward with thumbs slightly breaking the water.<\/p>\n

While breathing, see the water close to the face and the hands flashing through the surface of the water. Breathe over upturned hands and turn the palms down as you extend. Take one second to breathe while leaning forward. Imagine a ponytail that stays on the back of the neck while sledding down the pool. \u201cThis prevents the lifting and tucking of the chin so common in beginning swimmers,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

* * *<\/p>\n

A recent internet check reveals there are 57,791 swim coaches in the United States. It is fair to say while there is a universal swim coach vocabulary, how those words are used and the actions that come as a result vary considerably based on the level of the swimmer. Nonetheless, adherence to the Haufler\u2019s positive verb-oriented approach is a great way to introduce first timers to the wonderful water world that is, at its heart, a basic life skill.<\/p>\n

Michael J. Stott is an ASCA Level 5 coach, golf and swimming writer. His critically acclaimed coming-of-age golf novel, \u201cToo Much Loft,\u201d is in its second printing, and is available from store.Bookbaby.com, Amazon, B&N and book distributors worldwide.<\/em><\/p>\n

Non-Subscribers can click here to download this issue of Swimming World for only $5.94<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

5 Standard Cues To Promote Effective Coaching At Multiple Levels In aquatics, whether it is teaching Learn to Swim or counseling higher-level athletes, there are many ways to teach technique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":59,"featured_media":294964,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"dois","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[3,122077,18],"tags":[131785,131787,131786,128306],"class_list":["post-517216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured","category-americas","category-coaches-education","tag-coaching-cues","tag-effective-coaching","tag-standard-cues","tag-steve-haufler"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\r\n5 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