{"id":419196,"date":"2020-03-11T12:00:27","date_gmt":"2020-03-11T19:00:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.swimmingworldmagazine.com\/news\/?p=419196"},"modified":"2020-03-11T12:16:59","modified_gmt":"2020-03-11T19:16:59","slug":"2008-uni-of-arizona-research-called-for-more-study-into-survival-of-coronavirus-in-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.swimmingworldmagazine.com\/news\/2008-uni-of-arizona-research-called-for-more-study-into-survival-of-coronavirus-in-water\/","title":{"rendered":"2008 Uni of Arizona Research Called For More Study Into Survival Of Coronavirus in Water [UPDATED March 11 &#8211; Link To CDC Guide]"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Research conducted at the University of Arizona<\/strong> more than 12 years ago has raised questions about whether the new coronavirus COVID-19 strain behind a global health emergency could be transferrable through water in the way that stomach &#8216;flu and other more common viruses are, Swimming World reported on February 27, 2020.<\/p>\n<p>That story in full is below three updates to the file since:<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Update:<\/strong> <\/em>\u00a0Further to our February 27 article pointing to research into the relationship between the Coronavirus (COVID-19) and water as far back as 2008, questions remain and caution is recommended by leading health organisations and relevant industry experts when it comes to how the virus can be transmitted.<\/p>\n<h3><em>March 11: some questions have now been answered today:<\/em><\/h3>\n<h2>Water Transmission and COVID-19<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><a style=\"color: #008080;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.swimmingworldmagazine.com\/news\/coronavirus-and-swimmers-cdc-issues-guidance-on-water-transmission-covid-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued clarification and guidance on COVID-19 and treated recreational water venues. The advice and answers provided are useful to swimmers, swim programs and swimming venues.<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Previous updates:<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><em><strong>March 10 update:<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n<p><a title=\"Pool Water Treatment and Advisory Group website\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pwtag.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Pool Water Treatment and Advisory Group<\/a> (PWTAG) of Great Britain is working with Public Health England on the significance of novel coronavirus, water, pools and swimmers\/<\/p>\n<p>A spokesperson for PWTAG said:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>\u201cPublic health opinion is that it is generally safe to go swimming at this time.\u00a0Water and the chlorine within swimming pools will help to kill the virus.\u00a0However, visitors to swimming pools are reminded to shower before using the pool, to shower on leaving the pool and to follow the necessary <a style=\"color: #008080;\" title=\"NHS coronavirus advice\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/coronavirus-covid-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hygiene precautions<\/a>\u00a0when visiting public places to help reduce the risk of infection.\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3><em>March 4 Update: <\/em><\/h3>\n<p>Health authorities continue to urge caution when it comes to whether water can help transmit coronavirus (COVID-19), although water treatment companies are posting notices on company websites declaring that the virus at the core of a global health emergency &#8220;can be disinfected through use of ozone, chlorine and other treatment processes used in processing your tap water&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>While the latter appears to provide comfort for pool swimmers in narrow terms of the risk the actual water may pose, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/nove-coronavirus-infection-prevention-control-patients-healthcare-settings.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>European Centre For Disease Prevention And Control<\/strong> <\/a>warned against complacency in the following terms:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The rate at which a person can get COVID-19 by touching a contaminated surface or object (i.e., fomites) and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes is unclear.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em><strong>&#8220;We also do not know if viral particles can be aerosolized from water or suspended into air after settling and remain infective. While such routes can occur for other coronaviruses, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control states that there is currently no evidence to support airborne transmission of the novel Coronavirus. A precautionary approach should be taken until studies eliminate other routes of transmission.<\/strong><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&#8220;Epidemiological studies also suggest that transmission rates of COVID-19 currently might be higher than those of SARS and MERS. Scientists have estimated that each person with the new Coronavirus could infect somewhere between 1.5 and 3.5 people without effective containment measures, according to [the paper] &#8216;<em>Early Transmissibility Assessment of a Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China<\/em>&#8216; [the source of the outbreak] in the <a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3524675\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elsevier SSRN (Social Science Research Network)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/hwd.com\/concerned-about-coronavirus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Helix Water District, serving San Diego\u2019s east county communities, <\/a>is among operators in the water industry urging caution but also providing reassurances, such as this on its website:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;Coronavirus (COVID-19) is known to spread from person to person through close contact, similar to how the flu is transmitted. There is currently no evidence to support that Coronavirus (COVID-19) is transmitted through drinking water. Coronavirus (COVID-19) can be disinfected through use of ozone, chlorine and other treatment processes used in processing your tap water.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Swimming World continues to monitor the situation while we await responses and further information from health authorities, including the World Health Organization (WHO), which told us a week ago:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;This is still a new virus and we are still gathering more epidemiological data to understand better the transmission. Based on the current data, we see that COVID-19 is transmitting mainly through respiratory droplets.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2><em>Original article: published February 27, 2020<\/em><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Research conducted at the University of Arizona<\/strong> more than 12 years ago has raised questions about whether the new coronavirus COVID-19 strain behind a global health emergency could be transferrable through water in the way that stomach &#8216;flu and other more common viruses are.<\/p>\n<p>In Germany, a 47-year-old man is being cared for in isolation after testing positive for the virus during a four-day visit to a giant sub-tropical pools complex south of Berlin. The pool, with more than 1,000 visitors a day, remains open as its 91 staff undergo tests.<\/p>\n<p>The new coronavirus is still being broken down by scientists to determine its nature and what might kill it off. However, previous coronavirus strains, research dating back to 2008 appear to show, have thrived in waters between 4C and 23C. It dies more rapidly in wastewater, researchers found.<\/p>\n<p>Research by <strong>Patricia M Gundy, Principal Research Specialist, and Charles Gerba, Professor of epidemiology and bio-statistics in the Environmental Science Department at The University of Arizona in 2008<\/strong> is summed up in the following abstract:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;The advent of severe acute respiratory syndrome and its potential environmental transmission indicates the need for more information on the survival of coronavirus in water and wastewater. The survival of representative coronaviruses, feline infectious peritonitis virus, and human coronavirus 229E was determined in filtered and unfiltered tap water (4 and 23\u00b0C) and wastewater (23\u00b0C). This was compared to poliovirus 1 under the same test conditions. Inactivation of coronaviruses in the test water was highly dependent on temperature, level of organic matter, and presence of antagonistic bacteria. The time required for the virus titer to decrease 99.9% (T99.9) shows that in tap water, coronaviruses are inactivated faster in water at 23\u00b0C (10days) than in water at 4\u00b0C (&gt;100days). Coronaviruses die off rapidly in wastewater, with T99.9 values of between 2 and 4days. Poliovirus survived longer than coronaviruses in all test waters, except the 4\u00b0C tap water.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/225390936_Survival_of_Coronaviruses_in_Water_and_Wastewater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The paper can be read in full by subscribers at Researchgate.<\/a>\u00a0We have reached out to the researchers for deeper understanding.<\/p>\n<p>It is unclear whether the new virus can survive in water, what kind of water, what temperature of water, treated water and so forth. The answers may be critical to aquatic sports and others working in water environments.<\/p>\n<p>Swimming World has asked several leading public health institutions, including the CDC in the United States, for guidance on the relationship between the virus and water. The responses focus on the novel nature of the current coronavirus and the infancy of the research process.<\/p>\n<p>A spokesman for the <strong>Work Health Organisation<\/strong> told <em>Swimming World<\/em>:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;This is still a new virus and we are still gathering more epidemiological data to understand better the transmission. Based on the current data, we see that COVID-19 is transmitting mainly through respiratory droplets.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Germany&#8217;s Public Health body, the Robert Koch Institute<\/strong>, is in charge of providing information on disinfectants\/procedures in medical settings only. AS such it has no data related to the significance of the relationship between water and the coronavirus.<\/p>\n<p>In general, however, a spokesperson for the Institute made the following point:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;Many features of SARS-CoV-2 are still not clear and need to be further investigated &#8211; it has been only 2 months since this virus has shown up, I&#8217;m not sure if anyone has addressed this question of pools yet in further depth.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Swimming World will bring you more answers as and when we get them on that aspect of the virus.<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, a real-life test case may be underway:<\/p>\n<h3>Giant German Pools Complex Suffers One Positive Test &#8211; But it&#8217;s Business As Usual<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_419203\" style=\"width: 710px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-419203\" data-attachment-id=\"419203\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.swimmingworldmagazine.com\/news\/2008-uni-of-arizona-research-called-for-more-study-into-survival-of-coronavirus-in-water\/tropicalislands2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/vmrw8k5h.tinifycdn.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/TropicalIslands2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1024,768\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.4&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;iPad mini 4&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1539273907&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;3.3&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;25&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;9.8000784006272E-5&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"TropicalIslands2\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;TropicalIslands2&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Tropical Islands &#8211; the outdoor zone &#8211; Photo Courtesy: Craig Lord&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/vmrw8k5h.tinifycdn.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/TropicalIslands2-700x500.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/vmrw8k5h.tinifycdn.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/TropicalIslands2.jpg\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-419203\" src=\"https:\/\/vmrw8k5h.tinifycdn.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/TropicalIslands2-700x500.jpg\" alt=\"TropicalIslands2\" width=\"700\" height=\"500\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-419203\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tropical Islands &#8211; the outdoor zone &#8211; Photo Courtesy: Craig Lord<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Attention turns to whether water &#8211; including tap water, pool water and open water, could play any significant part in the spread of the new coronavirus just as Germany contemplates the potential consequences of a single positive test returned by a man who went swimming at the giant, domed <strong>Tropical Islands<\/strong> leisure swimming pool complex south of Berlin.<\/p>\n<p>On an average day, the vast complex hosts thousands of swimmers, including many tourists and travellers from further afield, inside and beyond Germany.<\/p>\n<p>The man who now has the virus visited Tropical Islands with his family of five &#8211; and stayed for four days. The complex, with sub-tropical gardens, exotic birdlife, including flamingos, a large sauna and steam-room complex, restaurants and entertainment shows, has cabins and tents for hire for those who wish to stay overnight.<\/p>\n<p>According to the <strong>Brandenburg Ministry of Health,<\/strong> the 47-year-old man from North Rhine-Westphalia is being cared for at the University Hospital in D\u00fcsseldorf. He left behind a deal of fear.<\/p>\n<p>Today, 91 employees of the pool were tested for the virus, yet the complex remained open and was packed.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_419222\" style=\"width: 231px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-419222\" data-attachment-id=\"419222\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.swimmingworldmagazine.com\/news\/2008-uni-of-arizona-research-called-for-more-study-into-survival-of-coronavirus-in-water\/tropicalislandsflamingos\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/vmrw8k5h.tinifycdn.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Tropicalislandsflamingos.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"542,640\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.4&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;iPad mini 4&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1539269058&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;3.3&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;50&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.03030303030303&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Tropicalislandsflamingos\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Tropicalislandsflamingos&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Tropical Islands in Germany &#8211; Photo Courtesy: Craig Lord&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/vmrw8k5h.tinifycdn.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Tropicalislandsflamingos-542x500.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/vmrw8k5h.tinifycdn.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Tropicalislandsflamingos.jpg\" class=\" wp-image-419222\" src=\"https:\/\/vmrw8k5h.tinifycdn.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Tropicalislandsflamingos-542x500.jpg\" alt=\"Tropicalislandsflamingos\" width=\"221\" height=\"204\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-419222\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tropical Islands in Germany &#8211; Photo Courtesy: Craig Lord<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&#8220;Our previous tests have shown that there was no increased risk of infection,&#8221; said the responsible health authority in Dahme-Spreewald. &#8220;The risk of infection is almost zero.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kim Sch\u00e4fer<\/strong>, Marketing Manager Tropical Islands, told the spa news agency: \u201cBetween February 20 to 23, we had between 3500-4000 guests per day because we were on vacation in Saxony. The people who worked on those days were still on duty when we got the news. Until the test result they are now free. With 1.2 million guests a year, we are one of the largest tourism organizations in Germany. The health authorities have been here all day, have examined our measures and evaluated that there is no danger for the visitors. Therefore we have remained open.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brandenburg&#8217;s Minister of Health Ursula Nonnemacher<\/strong> told media that the infected man had had no very close contacts with other bathers and that the authorities knew precisely who he had been in close contact with.<\/p>\n<p>Other visitors have been told they need not but can submit themselves for testing if they wish. There has been no mention made of whether the environment at the complex and the many levels and temperatures of waters therein are significant or not.<\/p>\n<h3>Hungarian Pool Closure<\/h3>\n<p><strong>In Hungary, the Bitskey Alad\u00e1r swimming pool in Eger, in the north of the country, \u00a0has been\u00a0for an indefinite period as a precautionary measure after the local waterpolo team played a Champions League match in virus-hit Brescia, in northern Italy, last weekend.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Eger Mayor \u00c1d\u00e1m Mirk\u00f3czki told a press conference that he had taken the decision to close the pool following reports of coronavirus cases in northern Italy. He had asked the interior ministry for instructions for advice and they issued an instruction last Monday that the players and staff members returning from Brescia should not be allowed to use the swimming pool until further notice.<\/p>\n<p>However, the health authority \u00c1NTSZ informed the club on Tuesday afternoon that the pool was open again, just to the players, for training and upcoming games, Mirk\u00f3czki added before saying he was \u201cappalled\u201d that the players had not been tested for the virus.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research conducted at the University of Arizona more than 12 years ago has raised questions about whether the new coronavirus COVID-19 strain behind a global health emergency could be transferrable<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7532,"featured_media":419205,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"dois","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[3,10],"tags":[120856,121712,121711,121710,40291,40234,121696,3181,36579,121523],"class_list":["post-419196","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured","category-world","tag-coronavirus","tag-corononavirus-survival-in-water","tag-research-paper-2008","tag-robert-koch-institute","tag-safety","tag-swimmers","tag-transmission","tag-university-of-arizona","tag-water","tag-world-health-organisation"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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