{"id":158238,"date":"2015-10-22T15:03:42","date_gmt":"2015-10-22T22:03:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.swimmingworldmagazine.com\/news\/?p=158238"},"modified":"2015-10-22T15:27:24","modified_gmt":"2015-10-22T22:27:24","slug":"the-purpose-of-water-swimming-and-osteoporosis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.swimmingworldmagazine.com\/news\/the-purpose-of-water-swimming-and-osteoporosis\/","title":{"rendered":"The Purpose of Water: Swimming and Osteoporosis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By Ronald Hehn, Swimming World Contributor<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Recently, NASA conducted an <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/research\/experiments\/65.html\">experimental study<\/a> concluding that fish demonstrate decreased bone density when exposed to micro-gravitational conditions. The same effect may occur in humans submerged in water.<\/p>\n<p>Osteoporosis is a health condition identified by the reduction of bone density caused by a number of factors, one of which being the lack of exposure to gravitational resistance i.e. impact. Those affected often use in-water recovery exercises for rehabilitation.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, many competitive swimming programs adopt high-impact dryland and high-intensity swimming programs.<\/p>\n<p>I am suggesting that both of these approaches are impractical, respective to the desired outcome of each group.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Here\u2019s why&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Submersion in water creates a resistance that is less than gravity, which decreases bone density. High impact dryland activities induces resistance that increases bone density. The body naturally adapts to its environment; bone density increases due to gravitational resistance and decreases in its absence (cf. Darwin).<\/p>\n<p>Consider Bernoulli\u2019s Principle&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>According to the principle, increasing Velocity increases Drag. Drag creates resistance. Consequently, Drag is the main opponent of Velocity.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Next, consider Drag&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Drag = Drag Coefficient x ((Mass Density x Velocity Squared)\/2) x Reference Area<\/p>\n<p>The Drag Coefficient is determined experimentally and varies according to the structure of the object.<\/p>\n<p>The Reference Area is the surface of the object exposed to the water during movement. In the case of a swimmer, this surface is the shoulders and chest. Less Drag occurs when less of the object\u2019s surface is exposed to the water.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMass Density\u201d is the density of the water.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cVelocity\u201d is movement.<\/p>\n<p>According to the equation, increased Velocity exponentially increases Drag; similarly, increased Drag decreases Velocity. Therefore, competitive swimmers best maximize Velocity by reducing Drag.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Finally, consider Buoyancy&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Buoyancy may be explained by Archimedes\u2019 Principle of Density.<\/p>\n<p>Archimedes proposes that given a constant Volume of water, an object with less Density will float better than it\u2019s more dense counterpart.<\/p>\n<p>As you decrease the Density of an object, you increase its Buoyancy. The most controllable constituents of the human body are muscle, fat, and bone; according to this principle, an object that lessens bone density yet maintains a consistent amount of fat and muscle increases Buoyancy, decreases Reference Area, decreases Drag, and increases Velocity.<\/p>\n<p>Eureka!<\/p>\n<p><strong>In conclusion:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Non-competitive athletes that choose an aquatic environment for rehabilitation will decrease bone density which increases Velocity in the water: not the desired outcome.<\/p>\n<p>Competitive swimmers that choose a dry land environment for exercise will increase bone density which decreases Velocity: not the desired outcome.<\/p>\n<p>In my opinion, these philosophies seem counter-intuitive to the goals of the respective groups.<\/p>\n<p>Use water for the right purpose. Drink up.<\/p>\n<p>In my humble opinion.<\/p>\n<p>References:<\/p>\n<p>Chatani, Akiko, Akira, et. al. \u201cMichrogravity promotes osteoclast activity in medaka fish reared at the international space station.\u201d Scientific Reports 5 (14172) (September 2015)<\/p>\n<p>Layne Je, Nelson ME. \u201cThe effects of progressive resistance training on bone density: a review.\u201d Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. [1999, 31 (1):25-30]<\/p>\n<p>McCormick, Barnes W. (1979): \u201cAerodynamics, aeronautics, and flight mechanics.\u201d P. 24, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.<\/p>\n<p>Brent Rushall. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sportsci.org\/news\/biomech\/skeptic.html\">Lift or drag in freestyle swimming?<\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Ronald Hehn, Swimming World Contributor Recently, NASA conducted an experimental study concluding that fish demonstrate decreased bone density when exposed to micro-gravitational conditions. The same effect may occur in<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":30,"featured_media":126056,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"dois","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[3,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-158238","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured","category-commentary"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\r\n<title>The Purpose of Water: Swimming and Osteoporosis<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Osteoporosis is a health condition identified by the reduction of bone density caused by a number of factors, one of which being the lack of exposure to gravitational resistance i.e. impact. 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